Perancangan Sistem Penerangan Dan Pengisian Baterai Untuk Alat Peraga Kelistrikan Dasar Di SMK Muhammadiyah Kawali

Abstract

Basic electrical learning in vocational high schools requires practical media that can connect theoretical concepts with actual vehicle electrical systems. Limited teaching aids at SMK Muhammadiyah Kawali have constrained practical activities related to vehicle lighting and battery charging systems. This study aims to design and produce a simple, safe, easy-to-operate, and learning oriented teaching aid for basic automotive electrical systems. An engineering design method was employed through needs identification, literature study, alternative design selection, design modeling, technical calculations, fabrication, preparation of standard operating procedures, and functional testing. The teaching aid uses a 12 V DC source with major components consisting of a 12 V 35 Ah battery, headlights, turn signals, brake lights, reverse lights, position lights, switches, relays, fuses, a regulator, an alternator, and an electric motor. The first design alternative was selected because it was simpler, more economical, structurally rigid, and more mobile. The final teaching aid measures 700 mm × 600 mm × 800 mm and uses a 30 × 30 mm hollow steel frame with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The theoretical lighting load is 450 W with a current requirement of 37.5 A when all loads operate simultaneously; therefore, the lighting functions are operated alternately. The charging system uses a 12 V alternator with an 8 A output, corresponding to a theoretical power of 96 W. Functional testing showed that the lighting components could operate and the charging system increased battery voltage to approximately 14 V. The teaching aid is equipped with operating and assembly procedures as well as a practical module, supporting its use as a learning medium for basic vehicle electrical practice.